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A GIFT FOR YOU

A Look At Primary And Secondary Markets

August 29 2013| Filed Under » Capital Market, OTC Bulletin Board, IPO

The word "market" can have many different meanings, but it is used most often as a catch-all term to denote both the primary market and the secondary market. In fact, "primary market" and "secondary market" are both distinct terms; the primary market refers to the market where securities are created, while the secondary market is one in which they are traded among investors. Knowing how the primary and secondary markets work is key to understanding how stocks trade. Without them, the stock market would be much harder to navigate and much less profitable. We'll help you understand how these markets work and how they relate to individual investors.

Primary Market

The primary market is where securities are created. It's in this market that firms sell (float) new stocks and bonds to the public for the first time. For our purposes, you can think of the primary market as being synonymous with an initial public offering (IPO). Simply put, an IPO occurs when a private company sells stocks to the public for the first time.

IPOs can be complicated because many different rules and regulations dictate the processes of institutions, but they all follow a general pattern:

1. A company contacts an underwriting firm to determine the legal and financial details of the public offering.
2. A preliminary registration statement, detailing the company's interests and prospects and the specifics of the issue, is filed with the appropriate authorities. Known as a preliminary prospectus, orred herring, this document is neither finalized nor is it a solicitation by the company issuing the new shares. It is simply an information pamphlet and a letter describing the company's intent.
3. The appropriate governing bodies must approve the finalized statement as well as a final prospectus, which details the issue's price, restrictions and benefits, and is issued to those who purchase the securities. This final prospectus is legally binding for the company.

The important thing to understand about the primary market is that securities are purchased directly from an issuing company.

Secondary Market

The secondary market is what people are talking about when they refer to the "stock market". This includes the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Nasdaq and all major exchanges around the world. The defining characteristic of the secondary market is that investors trade among themselves. That is, in the secondary market, investors trade previously issued securities without the issuing companies' involvement. For example, if you go to buy Microsoft stock, you are dealing only with another investor who owns shares in Microsoft. Microsoft (the company) is in no way involved with the transaction.

The secondary market can be further broken down into two specialized categories: auction marketand dealer market.

In the auction market, all individuals and institutions that want to trade securities congregate in one area and announce the prices at which they are willing to buy and sell. These are referred to as bidand ask prices. The idea is that an efficient market should prevail by bringing together all parties and having them publicly declare their prices. Thus, theoretically, the best price of a good need not be sought out because the convergence of buyers and sellers will cause mutually-agreeable prices to emerge. The best example of an auction market is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

In contrast, a dealer market does not require parties to converge in a central location. Rather, participants in the market are joined through electronic networks (from low-tech telephones or fax machines to complicated order-matching systems). The dealers hold an inventory of the security in which they "make a market". The dealers then stand ready to buy or sell with market participants. These dealers earn profits through the spread between the prices at which they buy and sell securities. An example of a dealer market is the Nasdaq, in which the dealers, who are known asmarket makers, provide firm bid and ask prices at which they are willing to buy and sell a security. The theory is that competition between dealers will provide the best possible price for investors.

The OTC Market

Sometimes you'll hear a dealer market referred to as an over-the-counter (OTC) market. The term originally meant a relatively unorganized system where trading did not occur at a physical place, as we described above, but rather through dealer networks. The term was most likely derived from the off-Wall Street trading that boomed during the great bull market of the 1920s, in which shares were sold "over-the-counter" in stock shops. In other words, the stocks were not listed on a stock exchange - they were "unlisted".

Over time, however, the meaning of OTC began to change. The Nasdaq was created in 1971 by theNational Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) to bring liquidity to the companies that were trading through dealer networks. At the time, few regulations were placed on shares trading over-the-counter - something the NASD sought to improve. As the Nasdaq has evolved over time to become a major exchange, the meaning of over-the-counter has become fuzzier. Today, the Nasdaq is still considered a dealer market and, technically, an OTC. However, today's Nasdaq is a stock exchange and, therefore, it is inaccurate to say that it trades in unlisted securities.

Nowadays, the term "over-the-counter" refers to stocks that are not trading on a stock exchange such as the Nasdaq, NYSE or American Stock Exchange (AMEX). This generally means that the stock trades either on the over-the-counter bulletin board (OTCBB) or the pink sheets. Neither of these networks is an exchange; in fact, they describe themselves as providers of pricing information for securities. OTCBB and pink sheet companies have far fewer regulations to comply with than those that trade shares on a stock exchange. Most securities that trade this way are penny stocks or are from very small companies.

Third and Fourth Markets

You might also hear the terms "third" and "fourth" markets. These don't concern individual investors because they involve significant volumes of shares to be transacted per trade. These markets deal with transactions between broker-dealers and large institutions through over-the-counter electronic networks. The third market comprises OTC transactions between broker-dealers and large institutions. The fourth market is made up of transactions that take place between large institutions. The main reason these third- and fourth-market transactions occur is to avoid placing these orders through the main exchange, which could greatly affect the price of the security. Because access to the third and fourth markets is limited, their activities have little effect on the average investor.

Conclusion

Although not all of the activities that take place in the markets we have discussed affect individual investors, it's good to have a general understanding of the market's structure. The way in which securities are brought to the market and traded on various exchanges is central to the market's function. Just imagine if organized secondary markets did not exist - you'd have to personally track down other investors just to buy or sell a stock, which would not be an easy task.

In fact, many investment scams revolve around securities that have no secondary market, because unsuspecting investors can be swindled into buying them. The importance of markets and the ability to sell a security (liquidity) is often taken for granted, but without a market, investors have few options and can get stuck with big losses. When it comes to the markets, therefore, what you don't know can hurt you, and in the long run, a little education might just save you some money.

SOCIAL MEDIA

The Tweet Heard Around The (Social Media) World

September 19, 2013 | Filed Under » Equity, IPO, Social Media, Twitter

Tickers in this Article » FB, GSVC, SVVC, LNKD, YELP, FPX, SOCL

Twitter tweeted September 12 that it had filed its S-1 registration statement with the SEC. The filing signals its intention to go public. Whatever its IPO price you know it's going to be extremely popular with institutions and big-time investors alike.

Saudi billionaire Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, who owns $300 million of its stock, expects Twitter’s IPO later this year or early in 2014. He believes Twitter won't make the same mistakes Facebook(Nasdaq:FB) did and will price its stock realistically. Ordinary investors, who will have a hard time laying their hands on some of its IPO shares, are faced with the difficult decision of whether to purchase its stock once Twitter opens for trading.

Rather than stress about this, I’ve got three ways you can get in the back door.

Option One

If you're Michael Moe of San Francisco-based GSV Capital (Nasdaq:GSVC), this news is music to your ears. GSV owns 1.84 million common shares of the social media messaging service, which it paid $33 million for ($18 per share) over a 12-month period between Q3 2011 and the Q2 2012. Recently these shares have traded between $20 and $30 on the secondary market. At the high-end, GSV is sitting on a $22 million unrealized gain. Twitter, which represents 15% of its overall investment portfolio, is far more important to the company than Facebook was when it went public in May 2012, and that debacle cut GSV's market cap by more than half in little more than two months. Any hiccup in Twitter's IPO could drop GSV's stock to single digits.

This is definitely the riskiest of my three options but also likely provides the most upside.

Option Two

Jay Ritter is a University of Florida professor who specializes in IPOs. He speculates that Twitter will likely make available 20% of the shares sold for individual investors. You'll still have to fight like heck to get your paws on a few hundred shares. That's the hard way. The alternative is to buy an ETF that already holds social media stocks and will likely add Twitter to its holdings in due course once the IPOs priced and trading.

The second option is the First Trust US IPO Index Fund (NYSE:FPX), a semi-passive ETF that seeks to replicate the performance of the IPOX-100 US Index, which is 100 of the best performing and most liquid US public offerings in the IPOX Global Composite Index. Morningstar rates it five stars over the past five years out of 1299 funds. Its number one holding is Facebook with a weighting of 11.8%, followed by AbbVie (NYSE:ABBV), General Motors (NYSE:GM), Kinder Morgan (NYSE:KMI) andPhillips 66 (NYSE:PSX) rounding out the top five.

Should Twitter bust out of the gate both Facebook and the ETF would benefit from its success and ultimately, Twitter would become one of the 100. If it's a complete bust, your investment will still be very much intact because information technology stocks account for just 16% of its overall portfolio. With an annual expense ratio of 0.60%, you’re getting one of the best ETFs anywhere. Not to mention it's a far safer proposition.

Option Three

Social media use in the U.S. is high. Something like 78% of the population has internet access with 72% using social networking sites like Facebook, LinkedIn (Nasdaq:LNKD) and Google+. According to Pew Internet, Only 18% currently use Twitter although that’s growing rapidly. Internationally, where internet access isn’t quite as high, the opportunities are significant.

A second ETF making your life a little easier is the Global X Social Media Index ETF (NYSE:SOCL), a group of 28 holdings involved in the social media industry. In existence since November 2011, its performance has really taken off in the past year.

Assuming Twitter's IPO takes place without a hitch I'm sure it will be quickly added to the Solactive Social Media Index, which the ETF tracks. US stocks account for 49% of the portfolio’s assets with China another 28%. Of the two ETFs, this one has greater risk attached to it but also greater potential returns.

Bottom Line

On several occasions I've written about the silliness of investing in IPOs, especially those in the tech sector. Usually overhyped, they provide little for the average investor buying on the first day of trading, while the institutional investors who acquired shares in the IPO, exit quickly before you and I figure out we've been had.

Before Facebook went public a friend asked me if he should invest in the IPO. I told him to wait six months to a year in order to figure out where the company was headed, which turned out to be a reasonably sound piece of advice. Although my friend has yet to ask me about Twitter, if he does I'll tell him the same thing I told him about Facebook.

There's no rush.

Twitter may someday possess a $100 billion market cap, but that day isn't here just yet. Don't get caught up in the frenzy. Sit back and watch the action and over time you'll know if it's a worthwhile investment. Until then you have several thousand US stocks to consider instead. Or you can choose one of the three options provided above.

Disclosure - At the time of writing, the author did not own shares of any company mentioned in this article.

PUBLIC MEANS

What does 'going public' mean?

Going public refers to a private company's initial public offering (IPO), thus becoming a publicly traded and owned entity. Businesses usually go public to raise capital in hopes of expanding; venture capitalists may use IPOs as an exit strategy - that is, a way of getting out of their investment in a company.

The IPO process begins with contacting an investment bank and making certain decisions, such as the number and price of the shares that will be issued. Investment banks take on the task of underwriting, or becoming owners of the shares and assuming legal responsibility for them. The goal of the underwriter is to sell the shares to the public for more than what was paid to the original owners of the company. Deals between investment banks and issuing companies can be valued at hundreds of millions of dollars, some even hitting $1 billion.

Going public does have positive and negative effects, which companies must consider. Here are a few of them:

Advantages - Strengthens capital base, makes acquisitions easier, diversifies ownership, and increases prestige.
Disadvantages - Puts pressure on short-term growth, increases costs, imposes more restrictions on management and on trading, forces disclosure to the public, and makes former business owners lose control of decision making.

For some entrepreneurs, taking a company public is the ultimate dream and mark of success (usually because there is a large payout). However, before an IPO can even be discussed, a company must meet requirements laid out by the underwriters. Here are some characteristics that may qualify a company for an IPO:

High growth prospects
Innovative product or service
Competitive in industry
Able to meet financial audit requirements

Some underwriters require revenues of approximately $10-$20 million per year with profits around $1 million! Not only that, but management teams should show future growth rates of about 25% per year in a five- to seven-year span. While there are exceptions to the requirements, there is no doubt over how much hard work entrepreneurs must put in before they collect the big rewards of an IPO...

IPO

How does an IPO get valued? What are some good methods for analyzing IPOs?

The price of a financial asset traded on the market is set by the forces of supply and demand. Newly issued stocks are no exception to this rule - they sell for whatever price a person is willing to pay for them. The best analysts are experts at evaluating stocks. They figure out what a stock is worth, and if the stock is trading at a discount from what they believe it is worth, they will buy the stock and hold it until they can sell it for a price that is close to, or above, what they believe is a fair price for the stock. Conversely, if a good analyst finds a stock trading for more than he or she believes it is worth, he or she moves on to analyzing another company, or short sells the overpriced stock, anticipating a market correction in the share price.


Watch: Initial Public Offering (I

Initial public offerings (IPOs) are unique stocks because they are newly issued. The companies that issue IPOs have not been traded previously on an exchange and are less thoroughly analyzed than those companies that have been traded for a long time. Some people believe that the lack of historical share price performance provides a buying opportunity, while others think that because IPOs have not yet been analyzed and scrutinized by the market, they are considerably riskier than stocks that have a history of being analyzed. A number of methods can be used to analyze IPOs, but because these stocks don't have a demonstrated past performance, analyzing them using conventional means becomes a bit trickier. (For more information, check out ourIPO Tutorial and The Murky Waters Of The IPO Market.)

If you're lucky enough to have a good relationship with your broker, you may be able to purchase oversubscribed new issues before other clients. These tend to appreciate considerably in price as soon as they become available on the market: because demand for these issues is higher than supply, the price of oversubscribed IPOs tends to increase until supply and demand come into equilibrium. If you're an investor who doesn't get the first right to buy new issues, there's still an opportunity to make money, but it involves doing a substantial amount of work analyzing the issuing companies. Here are some points that should be evaluated when looking at a new issue:

1. Why has the company elected to go public?
2. What will the company be doing with the money raised in the IPO?
3. What is the competitive landscape in the market for the business's products or services? What is the company's position in this landscape?
4. What are the company's growth prospects?
5. What level of profitability does the company expect to achieve?
6. What is the management like? Do the people involved have previous experience running a publicly-traded company? Do they have a history of success in business ventures? Do they have sufficient business experience and qualifications to run the company? Does management itself own any shares in the business?
7. What is the business's operating history, if any?

This information and more should be found in the company's S-1 statement, which is required reading for an IPO analyst. After reading the company's S-1, you should have a pretty good understanding of the characteristics of the business and the operations at the company. Given these characteristics, find out what you believe to be a reasonable valuation for the company. Divide this number by the number of shares on offer to find out what's a reasonable price for the stock. Other valuation strategies could include comparing the new issue to similar companies that are already listed on an exchange to determine whether or not the IPO price is justified.

Interpreting A Company's IPO Prospectus Report

May 22 2013| Filed Under » Fundamental Analysis, IPO

Reading long and tedious financial documents such as the prospectus, which is created at a company's initial public offering (IPO) to detail its prospects, isn't very exciting. But it can tell you a lot about a company's intentions. Because the prospectus is a legal declaration and must meet transparency standards, most companies include certain facts and statements to ensure investors aren't misled in any way. For individual investors, the trick is to distinguish between statements that would likely appear in almost any prospectus and statements that tell you about the distinct qualities of a company - which are most important. In this article, we show you how to make this distinction.

Lessons in Interpretation
Let's walk through a sample prospectus (also called the 424 Form) for an online retailer. We'll start with the "Risk Factors" section, which contains important information for investors.

The Prospectus Says: "Information contained in this prospectus relative to markets for the company's products and trends in net sales, gross margin and anticipated expense levels, as well as other statements including words such as "anticipate," "believe," "plan," "estimate," "expect" and "intend" and other similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements ... actual results of operations may differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements.:

Interpretation: Every forward-looking figure in the prospectus is only a projection. Therefore, there is no guarantee the company will meet all or even any of its targets for sales and profits.

Because of the inherent uncertainty of these projections, investors must ask themselves whether they feel the assumptions are realistic. If, for example, Amazon stated in its prospectus that it would have a certain percentage of total online book sales within the year, investors should question the basis for such an assumption and determine whether it is realistic. Predicting to capture such an outrageous portion of market sales is probably overly optimistic, and investors would want to be skeptical of such a forward-looking statement.

Every prospectus is likely to have some statement saying that figures are based on events the company anticipates, but cannot guarantee. Most junior oil and gas producers, for example, have something in their prospectus acknowledging that their figures depend on whether exploration processes turn up any lucrative reserves.

Let's see what else the company says under "Risk Factors":

The Prospectus Says: "...risks for the company include, but are not limited to, an evolving and unpredictable business model and the management of growth .... There can be no assurance that the company will be successful in addressing such risks, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on the company's business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations."

Interpretation - This company faces substantial risks. If it fails to address these potential pitfalls - and this is very possible - there's a good chance that the company will go broke.

Using Amazon as an example again, it tested uncharted waters with its business model, which is based on selling books to the masses online. In the beginning, there was a great deal of uncertainty about whether people would actually stop buying from the brick-and-mortar stores and order books online. The above statement would be likely be associated with a company that has a new business model, such as Amazon. It is not likely to be found in many other prospectuses, as most companies tend to use tried-and-tested business models. Therefore, as a potential investor reading such a prospectus, you must decide whether the risk of its business model has great potential or is just plain dangerous.

The Prospectus Says: "The company believes that it will incur substantial operating losses for the foreseeable future, and that the rate at which such losses will be incurred will increase significantly from current levels. Although the company has experienced significant revenue growth in recent periods, such growth rates are not sustainable and will decrease in the future."

Interpretation: According to the prospectus, this company is losing money and will continue to lose money in the foreseeable future. Company growth rates will slow.

If you find such a statement in a company's prospectus, this is a true gold nugget. It tells you that profits will be negative for some time. This is definitely the type of thing you want to know before investing in a company. If you are still interested in investing in a company that is currently unprofitable, you need to dig deeper to uncover why there are losses and determine what it would take for the company to turn this around.

The Prospectus Says: "This market is new, rapidly evolving and intensely competitive, which competition the company expects to intensify in the future. Barriers to entry are minimal, and current and new competitors can launch new sites at a relatively low cost."

Interpretation: The prospectus is telling us that this company operates in a highly competitive industry, and one that is cheap and relatively easy for new players to enter.

The nature of the barriers to entry is unique to each industry, so the above statement offers some very valuable information. Low barriers to entry can lead to fierce competition. If this company manages to turn a profit, it can expect a rival firm to spring up and attempt to take away valuablemarket share. This creates additional risk for investors.

The Bottom Line
We know from the portions of prospectus presented here that this company's business model and profits are uncertain, and that the competition is expected to be fierce. These are important factors to know, even if you are an investor who can handle the associated risks and feels the company will persevere.

Reading the prospectus means getting through some legalese and long cautionary statements that protect the company more than the investor. However, it's the legal nature of the prospectus that can give an investor some important information about prospective companies, namely the nature of their risks, prospects and industries. When reading a prospectus, you should pay more attention to information that is unique to the company than information that might apply to almost any public company.

Saturday, 28 September 2013

The first 200 words of this essay...

A report about Internet/intranet and server requirements

The internet server

An Internet server delivers WebPages to computers via a telephone or broadband connection called a dial up connection. This can be done to computers anywhere in the world as long as they are connected to the internet. An internet server has something called DNS enabling. This allows a website to be found from that websites own server e.g. when someone types www.microsoft.com, the website is associated to Microsoft server so the website is delivered to your computer screen.

The Intranet Server

The intranet server is similar to the internet server as it delivers WebPages to computers however it is for LAN (local area networks). This means the pages are private and run through localised cabling. The WebPages are not available to computers outside the LAN and dial up connections are not enabled.

Organisation the internet and intranet

Internets are organised by numerous internet servers connected through a permanent broadband connection. For protection the servers are protected from other computers putting viruses and harmful materials by firewalls.

Intranets are local so other computers outside the Local............

REF: PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR THE PLANNING, DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A FILE SERVER

Introduction:

A private entrepreneur Prof . Mukiibi Lawrence established St, Lawrence University in 2006, after critically observing what the existing universities in Uganda were not offering. One of his agenda was to establish a university that gives the skills to the students which enables the to create jobs instead of looking for Jobs. This is reason why he chose university motto as “light your candle”, His main emphasis is on the ICT technology and Entrepreneurship.

It started its operations in 2007 and right now, the pioneer students are in the final year. A lot of success has been achieved since its inception, however, it has met many challenges as well since the inception of St .Lawrence University, there has been a gap in centralised system for file database, where the lecturers could post the lecture notes, and students download them at the convenient time.

Problem;
As it has been highlighted in the introductory part, although there many problems facing the university, The lack of the centralised file database is very critical in that it lead to the failure of the university objective and goals, In such way the when students don’t get enough study material it can degrade their performance .

The current system on Lecture note distribution doesn’t inconvenience the students only but it also increases the cost as well to the university , Besides there could be a tendency when the attendant of the copier machine where notes are currently left, He may not be available , this leads to time delay which of course retards the lecture period.

The Benefits of file-server

A filer server is a high speed computer configured to receive requests , process and give service the other computers on the network. Basically a file server will able to store files of different faculties o the university, having a file server have several advantages

Background: How Proprietary Software Takes Away Your Freedom

Digital technology can give you freedom; it can also take your freedom away. The first threat to our control over our computing came from proprietary software: software that the users cannot control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft) controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in their propaganda).

Our solution to this problem is developing free software and rejecting proprietary software. Free software means that you, as a user, have four essential freedoms: (0) to run the program as you wish, (1) to study and change the source code so it does what you wish, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to redistribute copies of your modified versions. (See the free software definition.)

With free software, we, the users, take back control of our computing. Proprietary software still exists, but we can exclude it from our lives and many of us have done so. However, we now face a new threat to our control over our computing: Service as a Software Substitute (SaaSS). For our freedom's sake, we have to reject that too.

How Service as a Software Substitute Takes Away Your Freedom

Service as a Software Substitute (SaaSS) means using a service as a substitute for running your copy of a program. Concretely, it means that someone sets up a network server that does certain computing tasks—for instance, modifying a photo, translating text into another language, etc.—then invites users to do computing via that server. A user of the server would send her data to the server, which does her own computing on the data thus provided, then sends the results back to her or acts directly on her behalf.

The computing is her own because, by assumption, she could, in principle, have done it by running a program on her own computer (whether or not that program is available to her at present). When this assumption is not so, it isn't SaaSS.

These servers wrest control from the users even more inexorably than proprietary software. With proprietary software, users typically get an executable file but not the source code. That makes it hard to study the code that is running, so it's hard to determine what the program really does, and hard to change it.

With SaaSS, the users do not have even the executable file that does their computing: it is on someone else's server, where the users can't see or touch it. Thus it is impossible for them to ascertain what it really does, and impossible to change it.

Furthermore, SaaSS automatically leads to consequences equivalent to the malicious features of certain proprietary software.

For instance, some proprietary programs are “spyware”: the program sends out data about users' computing activities. Microsoft Windows sends information about users' activities to Microsoft. Windows Media Player reports what each user watches or listens to. The Amazon Kindle reports which pages of which books the user looks at, and when. Angry Birds reports the user's geolocation history.

Unlike proprietary software, SaaSS does not require covert code to obtain the user's data. Instead, users must send their data to the server in order to use it. This has the same effect as spyware: the server operator gets the data—with no special effort, by the nature of SaaSS.

Some proprietary operating systems have a universal back door, permitting someone to remotely install software changes. For instance, Windows has a universal back door with which Microsoft can forcibly change any software on the machine. Nearly all portable phones have them, too. Some proprietary applications also have universal back doors; for instance, the Steam client for GNU/Linux allows the developer to remotely install modified versions.

With SaaSS, the server operator can change the software in use on the server. He ought to be able to do this, since it's his computer; but the result is the same as using a proprietary application program with a universal back door: someone has the power to silently impose changes in how the user's computing gets done.

Thus, SaaSS is equivalent to running proprietary software with spyware and a universal back door. It gives the server operator unjust power over the user, and that power is something we must resist.

SaaSS and SaaS

Originally we referred to this problematical practice as “SaaS”, which stands for “Software as a Service”. It's a commonly used term for setting up software on a server rather than offering copies of it to users, and we thought it described precisely the cases where this problem occurs.

Subsequently we became aware that the term SaaS is sometimes used for communication services—activities for which this issue is not applicable. In addition, the term “Software as a Service” doesn't explain why the practice is bad. So we coined the term “Service as a Software Substitute”, which defines the bad practice more clearly and says what is bad about it.

Untangling the SaaSS Issue from the Proprietary Software Issue

SaaSS and proprietary software lead to similar harmful results, but the mechanisms are different. With proprietary software, the mechanism is that you have and use a copy which is difficult and/or illegal to change. With SaaSS, the mechanism is that you don't have the copy that's doing your computing.

These two issues are often confused, and not only by accident. Web developers use the vague term “web application” to lump the server software together with programs run on your machine in your browser. Some web pages install nontrivial, even large JavaScript programs into your browser without informing you. When these JavaScript programs are nonfree, they are the same sort of problem as any other nonfree software. Here, however, we are concerned with the problem of the server software itself.

Many free software supporters assume that the problem of SaaSS will be solved by developing free software for servers. For the server operator's sake, the programs on the server had better be free; if they are proprietary, their owners have power over the server. That's unfair to the operator, and doesn't help the users at all. But if the programs on the server are free, that doesn't protect the server's users from the effects of SaaSS. These programs liberate the server operator, but not the server's users.

Releasing the server software source code does benefit the community: it enables suitably skilled users to set up similar servers, perhaps changing the software.We recommend using the GNU Affero GPL as the license for programs often used on servers.

But none of these servers would give you control over computing you do on it, unless it's your server. It may be OK to trust your friend's server for some jobs, just as you might let your friend maintain the software on your own computer. Outside of that, all these servers would be SaaSS for you. SaaSS always subjects you to the power of the server operator, and the only remedy is, Don't use SaaSS! Don't use someone else's server to do your own computing on data provided by you.

Distinguishing SaaSS from Other Network Services

Which online services are SaaSS? The clearest example is a translation service, which translates (say) English text into Spanish text. Translating a text for you is computing that is purely yours. You could do it by running a program on your own computer, if only you had the right program. (To be ethical, that program should be free.) The translation service substitutes for that program, so it is Service as a Software Substitute, or SaaSS. Since it denies you control over your computing, it does you wrong.

Another clear example is using a service such as Flickr or Instagram to modify a photo. Modifying photos is an activity that people have done in their own computers for decades; doing it in a server instead of your own computer is SaaSS.

Rejecting SaaSS does not mean refusing to use any network servers run by anyone other than you. Most servers are not SaaSS because the jobs they do are not the user's own computing.

The original idea of web servers wasn't to do computing for you, it was to publish information for you to access. Even today this is what most web sites do, and it doesn't pose the SaaSS problem, because accessing someone's published information isn't doing your own computing. Neither is publishing your own materials via a blog site or a microblogging service such as Twitter or StatusNet. (These services may have other problems, of course.) The same goes for other communication not meant to be private, such as chat groups.

In its essence, social networking is a form of communication and publication, not SaaSS. However, a service whose main facility is social networking can have features or extensions which are SaaSS.

If a service is not SaaSS, that does not mean it is OK. There are other ethical issues about services. For instance, Facebook distributes video in Flash, which pressures users to run nonfree software; it requires running nonfree JavaScript code; and it gives users a misleading impression of privacy while luring them into baring their lives to Facebook. Those are important issues, different from the SaaSS issue.

Services such as search engines collect data from around the web and let you examine it. Looking through their collection of data isn't your own computing in the usual sense—you didn't provide that collection—so using such a service to search the web is not SaaSS. However, using someone else's server to implement a search facility for your own site is SaaSS.

Purchasing online is not SaaSS, because the computing isn't your own; rather, it is done jointly by and for you and the store. The real issue in online shopping is whether you trust the other party with your money and other personal information (starting with your name).

Repository sites such as as Savannah and SourceForge are not inherently SaaSS, because a repository's job is publication of data supplied to it.

Using a joint project's servers isn't SaaSS because the computing you do in this way isn't your own. For instance, if you edit pages on Wikipedia, you are not doing your own computing; rather, you are collaborating in Wikipedia's computing. Wikipedia controls its own servers, but organizations as well as individuals encounter the problem of SaaSS if they do their computing in someone else's server.

Some sites offer multiple services, and if one is not SaaSS, another may be SaaSS. For instance, the main service of Facebook is social networking, and that is not SaaSS; however, it supports third-party applications, some of which are SaaSS. Flickr's main service is distributing photos, which is not SaaSS, but it also has features for editing photos, which is SaaSS. Likewise, using Instagram to post a photo is not SaaSS, but using it to transform the photo is SaaSS.

Google Docs shows how complex the evaluation of a single service can become. It invites people to edit a document by running a large nonfree JavaScript program, clearly wrong. However, it offers an API for uploading and downloading documents in standard formats. A free software editor can do so through this API. This usage scenario is not SaaSS, because it uses Google Docs as a mere repository. Showing all your data to a company is bad, but that is a matter of privacy, not SaaSS; depending on a service for access to your data is bad, but that is a matter of risk, not SaaSS. On the other hand, using the service for converting document formats is SaaSS, because it's something you could have done by running a suitable program (free, one hopes) in your own computer.

Using Google Docs through a free editor is rare, of course. Most often, people use it through the nonfree JavaScript program, which is bad like any nonfree program. This scenario might involve SaaSS, too; that depends on what part of the editing is done in the JavaScript program and what part in the server. We don't know, but since SaaSS and proprietary software do similar wrong to the user, it is not crucial to know.

Publishing via someone else's repository does not raise privacy issues, but publishing through Google Docs has a special problem: it is impossible even to view the text of a Google Docs document in a browser without running the nonfree JavaScript code. Thus, you should not use Google Docs to publish anything—but the reason is not a matter of SaaSS.

The IT industry discourages users from making these distinctions. That's what the buzzword “cloud computing” is for. This term is so nebulous that it could refer to almost any use of the Internet. It includes SaaSS as well as many other network usage practices. In any given context, an author who writes “cloud” (if a technical person) probably has a specific meaning in mind, but usually does not explain that in other articles the term has other specific meanings. The term leads people to generalize about practices they ought to consider individually.

If “cloud computing” has a meaning, it is not a way of doing computing, but rather a way of thinking about computing: a devil-may-care approach which says, “Don't ask questions. Don't worry about who controls your computing or who holds your data. Don't check for a hook hidden inside our service before you swallow it. Trust companies without hesitation.” In other words, “Be a sucker.” A cloud in the mind is an obstacle to clear thinking. For the sake of clear thinking about computing, let's avoid the term “cloud.”

Dealing with the SaaSS Problem

Only a small fraction of all web sites do SaaSS; most don't raise the issue. But what should we do about the ones that raise it?

For the simple case, where you are doing your own computing on data in your own hands, the solution is simple: use your own copy of a free software application. Do your text editing with your copy of a free text editor such as GNU Emacs or a free word processor. Do your photo editing with your copy of free software such as GIMP. What if there is no free program available? A proprietary program or SaaSS would take away your freedom, so you shouldn't use those. You can contribute your time or your money to development of a free replacement.

What about collaborating with other individuals as a group? It may be hard to do this at present without using a server, and your group may not know how to run its own server. If you use someone else's server, at least don't trust a server run by a company. A mere contract as a customer is no protection unless you could detect a breach and could really sue, and the company probably writes its contracts to permit a broad range of abuses. The state can subpoena your data from the company along with everyone else's, as Obama has done to phone companies, supposing the company doesn't volunteer them like the US phone companies that illegally wiretapped their customers for Bush. If you must use a server, use a server whose operators give you a basis for trust beyond a mere commercial relationship.

However, on a longer time scale, we can create alternatives to using servers. For instance, we can create a peer-to-peer program through which collaborators can share data encrypted. The free software community should develop distributed peer-to-peer replacements for important “web applications”. It may be wise to release them under the GNU Affero GPL, since they are likely candidates for being converted into server-based programs by someone else. The GNU project is looking for volunteers to work on such replacements. We also invite other free software projects to consider this issue in their design.

In the meantime, if a company invites you to use its server to do your own computing tasks, don't yield; don't use SaaSS. Don't buy or install “thin clients”, which are simply computers so weak they make you do the real work on a server, unless you're going to use them with your server. Use a real computer and keep your data there. Do your own computing with your own copy of a free program, for your freedom's sake.

Wednesday, 25 September 2013

NEW INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE DREAMS :

THE DREAMS.

The human brain is responsible for many complex creations, but it can’t invent the image of people. So the “strangers” that you meet in your dreams actually have the faces of people who you have once seen in your real life but forgotten, like your childhood mailman or that guy bumped into on the side walk that one time.

Chances are that you have laid their eyes on more than a few individuals, and so the brain as a huge cast of characters to play with when you drift off to sleep. Except for in the case of extreme psychological disorder, every human being dreams. In fact, in a recent study, students who were awakened at the beginning of each dream but still allowed 8 hours of sleep, all experienced difficulty concentrating, irritability, hallucinations, and signs of psychosis in a span of three days.

When they were allowed their REM sleep, their brains compensated for the lost time by increasing the percentage of the sleep spent in the REM stage. Dreams are a window into the subconscious. Even though most of the time, they’re completely random, disorganized, and we forget 90% of them within 10 minutes of waking up; many people have drawn inspiration from their dreams. Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein was a based on a dream that she had.

THE BRAIN IMAGING.
Scientists at UC Berkeley have achieved a major milestone in their quest to create a technology that would let us tap into our brain's imaging systems. They used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and computational models and they succeeded in decoding and reconstructing visual experiences of their test subjects.
The tests they ran had people watching a movie trailer. Then, they reconstructed the images using their new technology. While that's as far as they can do right now, it puts them one step closer to being able to tap into your dreams.
The more noble implications for this technology will allow some sort of understanding, and even communication with people who cannot communicate verbally. For example, stroke victims, and people in comas. Check out the source if you wanna learn more about how they achieved this great feat.
Most people over the age of 10 have 4 to 6 dreams every night. Those numbers times 365 days in one year makes for between 1,460 and 2,190 dreams every year. We dream during REM periods (which is when we have Rapid Eye Movement in our sleep) which can range anywhere from 5 minutes to half an hour long. In the course of one night this happens multiple times.
"Wait a minute!" you might be thinking, "I don't remember having 4 different dreams in one night, and I certainly don't remember having over 1,000 dreams this year." The fact of the matter is, you forget between 95% to 99% of all the dreams you have. That may seem kind of high, but most of your dreams don't really interest you enough to make you want to remember them.
Dreams are commonplace and don't require enough concentration to force you to remember them. In that sense, they are similar to other routine actions you do throughout the day like driving or tying your shoes. You don't remember most of the time you do those things either.
Read more at
The method is called "lucid dreaming," which means that you're aware of the fact that you're dreaming. That way you have the freedom to choose how your dreams go. In most cases people turn nightmares into good dreams or fly.

WHAT IS MEAN BY EARTH QUAKE?

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations seismometers The MOMENTS magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of October 2012), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.^[1]

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus orhypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

Monday, 23 September 2013

HOW WE EARN THROUGH ADSENSE

THIS IS FOR EVERY ONE

WHAT IS USE OF COMPUTER.

WHAT IS MOBILE

THIS IS CALLED MOBILE BUT WE WANT TO KNOW NOT MEANING OR IMAGES OF MOBILE BUT WE WANT TO KNOW MOBILE FUNCTIONS AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE IT MADE FOR IT.

WHY PEOPLE NEED MOBILE SO MUCH AND WHAT REASON BEHIND THIS ?

IS MOBILE PHONE IS EVERYTHING OR NOT ?

THE PEOPLE USE MOBILE FOR WHAT PURPOSE.

ALL PEOPLE READY FOR MAKE THIS TOPIC HUGE COMMENTS BY YOU AND MAKE THIS TOPIC HIGH AND HANDSOME LIKES AND COMMENTS FOR HELP THE BLOG TO FIND THE WAY..

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WHAT IS LIFE?

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Thursday, 19 September 2013

WHAT IS SOCIAL MEDIA.

TELL THE ADVANTAGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA OR DIS ADVANTAGE .

THE SOCIAL MEDIA IS PART OF LIFE OR NOT .

THE SOCIAL MEDIA FUN OR REAL .

IT HELP OR DESTROYED PEOPLE .

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